Transport of Solute in Solvent through Osmosis Essay

Objective: The goal is to recreate detached vehicle: dispersion of solutes and assimilation of water through a semipermeable film (dialysis tubing). The examination will show how particles in arrangement move from territories of higher focus to zones of lower fixation in the endeavor to arrive at homeostasis in various conditions. Presentation: The fundamental reason for this lab was to watch dissemination and assimilation. This is exhibited utilizing dialysis tubing and a blend of monosaccharaides, disaccharides, water (H20), and sodium chlorine (NaCl), otherwise called table salt. We at that point determined the percent change of mass over some undefined time frame. Because of motor vitality, cells will in general chance upon each other; this is the aftereffect of the procedure called dispersion. Dispersion is the development of atoms from a position of higher fixation to a position of lower focus. In this lab, dissemination causes a physical difference in our cells (mass). Assimilation is a kind of dispersion that includes water. Assimilation happens when water travels through a semi-porous film. The water moves from a position of higher water fixation to a position of lower water focus. Water potential estimates free vitality of water in any arrangement. An answer is a fluid blend of at least two parts. This blend compr ises of a minor part (the solute) which is reliably disseminated inside a significant segment (the dissolvable). Water expected comprises of 2 sections: osmotic potential and weight potential. Osmotic potential relates to the water particles that move from a hypotonic answer for a hypertonic arrangement (changing the fixation inclination), while pressure potential relates to the effort of weight the cell is under. The weight is brought about by the stature of water presented to the air over the counterfeit cell. The focus angle is commonly the distinction in centralization of a broke up substance in an answer. This happens between a locale of high thickness and lower thickness. Water capability of refined water inâ atmospheric pressure is 0, in light of the fact that the osmotic and weight possibilities are 0. For instance, in plant cells, osmotic potential is brought down in light of the fact that a greater amount of its solute is being broken up in the cytoplasm. At the point whe n set in unadulterated water, the cells of the plant are hypertonic. This implies the plant cells have progressively osmotic focus. The water potential inside the recepticle is higher making it hypotonic, which means it has a lower osmotic weight. In this manner the water will move into the cell since water moves from hypotonic conditions to hypertonic situations. This outcomes in an expanding cell. Despite what might be expected, if solute is added to the container, the water potential in the cell will be more prominent, bringing about a hypotonic cell. Thusly water will move out of the cell, making it shrink. This is comparative with this lab. Be that as it may, not all arrangements are this way. Arrangements that have arrived at the condition of harmony are isotonic. This implies both solute and dissolvable have the equivalent osmotic weight. The paces of the response are controlled by the atomic size of the particles. On the off chance that the particles or littler, they diffuse through the semi-penetrable film a lot quicker than particles bigger than the semi-porous layer. This is on the grounds that the littler particles have to a lesser extent a protection from go through the specifically penetrable film. In the event that the molecule is bigger it will require some investment for the molecule to push its way through the layer. Materials: Dialysis tubing Scissors Little channel Graduated chamber Paper towel Computerized scale 400mL recepticle 250mL recepticle 1 mL pipette Test tube Hot plate Gauge vessels Pipette Pipetter Strategies: 1) Obtain ten 40 centimeter pieces of dialysis tubing and absorbed them water. This will dampen the dialysis tubing to a rubbery surface that is simpler to move and work with. Tie off one finish of the tubing 2cm from the conclusion to shape a sack. At long last to open the opposite finish of the sack, we scoured the shut, loosened end between our fingers until the edges isolated. 2) Measure 25mL of the relevant arrangement required for the dialysis cell. This ought to be finished with a 25mL graduated chamber. Estimating with a 25mL graduated chamber guarantees that no blunders be made. To appropriately gauge 25mL, the graduated chamber ought to be put on a level surface and you ought to be at eye level with its estimations. A full 25mL is estimated at the base of the meniscus. When the arrangement has been estimated, utilizing a little pipe, empty the arrangement into the dialysis sack by embeddings the tip of the pipe beyond any confining influence end. At long last make a note of what the cell is containing; it is extremely simple to get them stirred up. A wellspring of mistake that is undesirable. 3) Tie the open finish of the dialysis sack 2cm from the finish of the pack. 4) Rinse the dialysis cell completely submerged to ensure any outside substance that may have contacted the dialysis cell is washed off and delicately blotch the dialysis cell with paper towel. The dialysis cells must be totally dry so when the cell is being gauged, the computerized scale won't gauge water weight on the cell also. Utilizing a gauge pontoon, measure the cells mass. The gauge pontoon is utilized for the reason to evade cross pollution between the cell and scale. To protect that the cell is the main thing being gauged, place the gauge vessel on the scale and press clear. This will set the scale to 0 with the gauge pontoon still on it. Spot the cell on the gauge vessel and record the all out weight of the cell. Your information ought to be said something grams (g). Before lowering your phone in its container with arrangement connected on Table #1, the dialysis cell must be gauged. This will give us a thought of what the cell starts at and how dispersion and assimilation influences the dialysis cell. The cell must be gauged at regular intervals in a timespan of an hour and a half. The dialysis cell ought to be gauged multiple times. 5) Submerge each readied dialysis cell in a 400mL recepticle with 150 mL’s arrangement corresponding to Table #1. These arrangements must be estimated utilizing a 100 mL graduatedâ cylinder. Estimating with a 100mL graduated chamber guarantees that no blunders be made. To appropriately gauge 100mL, the graduated chamber ought to be set on a level surface and you ought to be at eye level with its estimations. A full 100mL is estimated at the base of the meniscus. Since 150mL of the arrangement is required, two separate estimations must be made. A whole estimation from the 100mL graduated chamber and a half ought to be estimated. Record the time the dialysis cell is lowered in the arrangement; this will protect an exact planning at which the dialysis cell must be gauged. Name every dialysis cell and arrangement filled measuring glass. This will give information with respect to which arrangement is contained in every recepticle and maintain a strategic distance from any mistake from being made. 6) In brief stretches for an hour and a half, the cells must be expelled from every recepticle and smeared attempt with clean paper towel to be gauged. Record every estimation each time the cell is being gauged. Try not to wash the cell submerged once more; this may bargain the cell and arrangement inside the measuring utencil. 7) At the convincing piece of the cell (last time gauging the cell) expel the cell from the arrangement filled container, and blotch it dry. Continue to utilizing scissors to cut the cell, and empty the staying content into a 250mL measuring utencil. Name every container with respect to which it is containing. 8) Using 3 clean test tubes play out a chloride (Cl-) test, a glucose test and a sucrose/lactose test. Get 2mL of every arrangement from every measuring glass. This is finished utilizing a pipette and pipette. Spot the tip of the pipette in the arrangement of the container, and the pipetter is set at the opposite finish of the pipette. The pippetter sucks the arrangement into the pipette, this is a superior strategy at that point utilizing ones mouth to suck up the arrangement since it is increasingly precise and more secure. Utilizing a hot plate and a measuring utencil loaded up with water, place each completed test tube into the recepticle. The water contained in the measuring utencil must bubble before each test tube is put inside it. Utilizing this technique, the arrangements response will happen at an a lot quicker rate. This applies to each test. In the (Cl-) test, 2 drops silver nitrate(AgNo3) are added to each 2mL arrangement that has been estimated and set into a test tube from the got material from the cell. This test measures for the salt substance in the arrangement. In the glucose test, Benedict’s test is performed utilizing a 1:1 proportion of Benedict’s test to arrangement. These tests for the glucose in every arrangement. At long last the sucrose/lactose test utilizes a similar substance as the glucose test. Benedict’s test is performed utilizing a 1:1 ratioâ of Benedict’s test to arrangement. This test measures for decreasing sugars. The pointer for each test is shading. When there is a shading change to the arrangement that implies the test has tried positive. 9) At the finish of the lab, all perceptions ought to have been recorded in your note pad. Results: The information appears (Graph #1 and Graph #2) that for each situation, the dialysis sack slight increments or diminishes in mass over a time of an hour and a half. The expansion or lessening in mass of the dialysis cell is exclusively founded on the focus inclination inside the dialysis cell and its condition with regards to which it is set in. In each diagram, it shows which dialysis cells have expanded or diminished in mass. For every cell that has expanded in mass, (A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, and F1), dissemination and assimilation has happened into the cell. Subsequently the cell has swollen in light of the fact that water has moved into the cell. Dialysis cells that have diminished in mass, (A2, B2, C2, D2, E2, and F2), have had the contrary response happen. Dispersion and assimilation has moved water out of the cell, causing an abatement in mass. This is because of the dialysis cell containing a hypotonic arrangement as its condition at which it was lowered is hypertonic. This at th at point makes the cell shrivel I

Organisational behaviour assessment at Abercrombie & Fitch Assignment

Hierarchical conduct appraisal at Abercrombie and Fitch - Assignment Example This paper delineates how the business capacities as a global association rely upon the between associations among deals and advertising, in-store agents, and premium valuing arrangements. Utilizing the McKinsey 7-S model as the suitable model, A&F focuses its whole vital business procedure on the mutual qualities that drive the association, these being youth and magnificence, with every single other angle worked around the way of life of youth, vanity and excellence. Its procedure, structure, frameworks, aptitudes, staff, and style are worked around these basic beliefs. The common qualities that drive the authoritative culture at Abercrombie and Fitch are identified with sex bid and youth way of life. The entirety of the store’s marked product is centered around these perspectives just as the visual inventory advertising delineating youthful and alluring models so as to pick up consideration from its ideal youth target markets. Offers the CEO of A&F: â€Å"We pursue the cool children. Many individuals don’t have a place in our garments and they can’t have a place. It is safe to say that we are exclusionary? Absolutely†. This expression from the official level shows the significance of the way of life of selectiveness that lives at this adolescent situated business, consequently all components of business improvement are based on keeping up this appearance to the general devouring open. The objective of A&F is to strengthen that lone specific kinds of clients have a place with its marked product assortment and this is clear in the preparation gave to its staff just as how the business advertises its image name over the world. One of its rivals is Victoria’s Secret, a high-volume undergarments organization (Talley, 2008), which further strengthens the degree of culture that lives at the association. â€Å"Great organizations depend vigorously on their societies to help improvement and growth† (Want, 2009, p.10). This is completely obvious with Abercrombie and Fitch as so as to guarantee that procedure is connected with the way of life, the entirety of the in-store agents must keep up this quality of youth and eliteness so as to legitimize its higher-than-normal valuing arrangements and guarantee client steadfastness against all other comparable retail rivalry. Its best methodology is the advancement of the store’s deals inventory which represents 45.2 percent of development in deals (A&F, 2009, p.9). The list, portraying youth on-screen characters with fit and smooth bodies gives the key deals medium that keeps on speaking to people who discover personality through Abercrombie and Fitch marked product. â€Å"Strategic the executives depends on the conviction that an association ought to continually screen inward and outer occasions and patterns with the goal that opportune changes can be made as needed† (Aluko, Odugbesan, Gbadamosi and Osuagwu, 2004, p.56). Abercrombie faces two problems, in any case, in recognizing suitable technique. In the first place, the business gets positive assessment and higher deals development from its

Dont Let a Surprise Pet-Related Expense Drive You into Debt

Don’t Let a Surprise Pet-Related Expense Drive You into Debt Don’t Let a Surprise Pet-Related Expense Drive You into Debt Don’t Let a Surprise Pet-Related Expense Drive You into DebtIf you end up relying on a high-interest payday cash advance to cover your pets vet bill, neither of you will benefit in the long run.Fur parents love their fur babies; in fact, 95 percent of pet owners consider their pets to be a part of the family. And while pets aren’t quite as expensive as kids, they can still run up some pretty sizeable billsâ€"especially if they get sick.Pets are expensive.The cost of owning a pet can put a lot of financial stress on low-income families. According to ASPCA estimates, the first-year cost of owning a pet exceeds $1,000, and most people spend more than $500 a year after that.Even if you took these costs into account when you first welcomed your pet into your home, you may have experienced a change in income or other unexpected costs.   And a single pet healthcare emergency can cost several hundred dollarsâ€"an expense 40 percent of Americans would not be able to cover.Some people migh t be tempted to take out short-term bad credit loans or predatory no credit check loans (like payday loans, cash advances, or even title loans) to pay for the cost of their pets care. But these small-dollar loans come with significant risks.With short terms and average annual interest rates reaching almost 400 percent, short-term bad credit and no credit check loans can trap borrowers in a cycle of debt that can be difficult to overcome.Instead of relying on expensive predatory loans to cover the cost of your pets care, consider the following strategies.Budget and save.First, consider whether you might be able to cut costs. Find ways to save money on groceries, cut out any unnecessary services, buy items used, and sell items you don’t need.You should also compare prices for pet food and buy in bulk when you can.If youre a budgeting newbie, we have a helpful beginner’s guide that comes with a free downloadable budgeting spreadsheet to get you started.  Even if your pet is in perf ect healthâ€"or you don’t have any pets at allâ€"you should have a monthly budget.Visit a pet food bank.If you’re struggling to afford pet food, check to see if there is a pet food bank in your area.You can also contact local nonprofit organizations aimed at keeping pets with their owners. Some will be able to provide assistance with buying pet food.Consider visiting a food bank for your own food as well. Meals on Wheels delivers both pet food and human food to families in need.Seek help from a nonprofit.When your pet is in need of expensive medical treatment, it can be difficult for the whole family. But before you take out a payday loan, get in touch with nonprofit organizations aimed at providing emergency medical assistance to pets in need.The following organizations may be able to help:The Brown Dog FoundationThe Pet FundThe Onyx and Breezy FoundationRedRoverHarley’s Hope FoundationThe Humane Society also keeps a list of local and national resources, and the ASPCA can hel p you find local, low-cost spay and neuter programs.Seek help from the community.You should always ask friends or family members directly to begin with, but if that option isn’t available to you, you may be able to utilize crowdfunding.When creating a campaign, be honest and detailed about your pet’s needs, and include pictures. The following sites allow you to raise money from the community:PetFundrPlumFundGoFundMeTake out a lower-cost loan.If you’re still in need of cash and can’t bear the thought of finding a new home for your pet, you may need to borrow money.But short-term online loans and storefront cash advances should always be considered a last resort, and you should only borrow what you will reasonably be able to pay back.Start by asking friends and family for financial assistance. Sure, this conversation will probably be uncomfortable, but they’re probably going to give you a much better deal than your average payday lender.Next, visit local banks or credit unio ns, which offer lower-cost loans. If you have bad credit and are found ineligible for mainstream financial services, consider taking out a bad credit installment loan.These personal loans often come with longer terms and lower interest rates than your typical payday loan. And with some bad credit installment lenders making your payments on time could even improve your credit history.Find a new home for your pet.It might be heartbreaking to say goodbye to your pet, but sometimes it’s in their best interest. If you can’t secure additional income, a loan won’t help you afford your pet in the long run.You can list your pet on Craigslist, Petfinder, or Get Your Pet and personally ensure you find a loving home that meets your pet’s needs. You can also surrender your pet to The Humane Society.Build your savings and your  credit score.If you’re in an immediate bind, this advice won’t be much good to you. But if you’re trying to plan ahead before a financial emergency strikes, you should focus on two things: building your emergency fund and improving your credit score.Unlike money that you’re saving for retirement, an emergency fund should be easily accessible during times of financial duress. Start with the goal of building a $1,000 fund, but don’t stop there. The more money you have saved up for emergencies, the more secure you’ll be.When it comes to your credit score, better credit means more access to low-cost loans and credit cards to help cover unforeseen expenses. Paying down your existing debt and paying your bills on time are the two best actions you can take to improve your score long-term.Your pet has no idea how emergency funds or credit scores work, but if you’re financially prepared to weather a pricey veterinarian’s bill, we’re sure they’ll find a way to thank you for itâ€"probably one that involves lots of licking and snuggles.To learn more about how you can build your savings and your credit, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsSave More Money with These 40 Expert Tips6 Great Reasons To Check Your Credit ReportFinancial Basics: Expert Tips for Smarter SpendingDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

Power Of The President And Congress - 1303 Words

Power of the President and Congress In the United States, a knowledgeable and reliable president should bring a country into economic development and give citizens truth. It is easy to see how a president affects foreign policy. The President has the highest power to decide how to manage, control, and to solve problems. The president and Congress play important roles in running the country regarding foreign policy making. Foreign policy is very significant because it provides peace between countries without going to war. In order to develop the nation’s economy and increase job opportunities, effective foreign policies help to acquire more investments from foreign investors, and it also affects the world’s economy; therefore, foreign†¦show more content†¦The president can make decisions regarding, â€Å"Executive agreement or trade agreement† as long as they are beneath â€Å"treaty level† with senate confirmation (Welch et al. 335). Even though the president has his own power on hand, Congress still needs to check to see whether the president faithfully performs his bills (Welch et al. 335). As a result, the president’s treaties take effect only if they are passed by â€Å"two-thirds of the Senate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Welch et al. 335). Furthermore, veto power is another way to effect the lawmaking of the president, but the only exception is that two-thirds of each house can cancel the â€Å"president veto† (Welch et al. 309). However, the president is advised that they should not abuse veto power because â€Å"president who use the veto too often may appear isolated or uncooperative or may seem to be exercising negative leadership† (Welch et al. 352). Therefore, the â€Å"oversight† of Congress is so important to check and control whether the President practices making foreign policy appropriately. Second, Congress should continue to assert its own role to oversee the president’s work in controlling budget making. Budgeting is one of the most important factors effecting national activities. For example, the government cannot work without a budget; therefore, â€Å"the Constitution gave Congress the power to appropriate money and to account for its expenditure† (Welch et al. 311). Congress also oversees the federal budget by using the budget effectively. For example, itShow MoreRelatedThe Three Branches of the United States Government913 Words   |  4 Pagesensure a separation of powers. The executive branch, headed by the President, and Congress of the legislative branch both share responsibilities to govern the nation, both domestically and abroad. In terms of foreign policy, Congress and the President have different powers that ensure that each branch works in conjunction in handling foreign affairs. The President, as Commander-in-Chief, commands the armed forces and can negotiate and sign treaties. The President also has the power to recognize foreignRead MoreThe Executive Branch Of The United States Constitution1493 Words   |  6 Pagesconsists of the president, vice president, and cabinet members. Article II of the United States Constitution gives the general idea of executive branch, such as the procedures, requirements, powers and limitation of the president. The president is given some powers in Article II Section 2 of the Constitution such as making treaties, vetoing laws, and being Chief Executive of the Executive branch. The president is also the Commander in Chief of the United States Army and Navy. Despite the powers grantedRead MoreEssay on The Power and Significance of Congress1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe Power and Significance of Congress Firstly it is important to look at the power and significance of congress as a legislative body. This includes the creation of law, and the scrutiny of the executive. 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InRead MoreAnalysis Of Richard Neustadt s The American System1495 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"separated institutions sharing powers†, this implies a hopeful sense of cooperation between the three branches of government (cited in Andres et Thurber, 2000:554). However, political realities led scholars to dispute Neustadt’s claim, proclaiming the system as â€Å"separate institutions competing for power† (Murphy, 2007:9). Political paralysis, particularly between the US president and Congress, has become increasingly common in the modern era. â€Å"President proposes, Congress disposes† famously sloganisedRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1054 Words   |  5 PagesThe Constitution of the United States divide powers between both Congress and President in a way to prevent tyranny. The legislative and executive branches have major roles in America’s form of government. Each have significant roles but would overlay within each other especiall y when it comes to foreign policy. 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In the beginning the presidency was not very powerful office in a fledging country that had few international ties and virtually no s tanding Army. Today the President of the Unites

Oath of the Horatii by David Essay - 1113 Words

Many artists attempt to be â€Å"avant-garde†, to present something new to the world; such as artists from the Cubist time period, Braque and Picasso. They are known for not including a clear perspective and for having geometric shapes. There are also avant-garde artists who refer back to the past for inspiration; for example Neoclassicism (Oath of the Horatii by David) and Renaissance (School of Athens by Raphael) both include Greek and Roman coalition. Avant-garde artists show the viewer’s their uniqueness and ambition in presenting something new while incorporating older traditions or just simply going past the modern world and creating something new. The Oath of the Horatii by David was a symbolic painting for the French because it†¦show more content†¦These groups of three make the painting seen more organized. Some of the Roman features shown in the Oath of the Horatii are the three big arches in the back as well as the brothers Roman warrior clothing; an d their patriotism to their country. With the intertwining of the Greek and Roman feature with perspective, even though the many groups of three found in one image is unrealistic, David on the other hand makes his painting seem realistic, creating a masterpiece. The Oath of the Horatii focused on history, while the School of Athens payed more attention to philosophy and religion. Since the building in the School of Athens seems to have the structure of a Greek cross, it’s believed that its setting is in a Basilica. The figures in the painting are scientists, mathematicians, thinkers and philosophers all from Ancient Greece. The irony is that Raphael is from Rome and yet he paints these figures which are all from Ancient Greece. However, he does include arches which the romans were known for. Within these arches is a certain design which the Greeks used. In the painting there are two Greek sculptures; Apollo which is on the side of Plato, who represented mathematicians; and A thena which is on the side of Aristotle, who represents scientists. Unlike the Oath of the Horatii, the figures here are scattered all over the place and seem even more realistic because of the interaction they are having with one another. TheseShow MoreRelatedThe Oath Of The Horatii And The French Revolution966 Words   |  4 Pages To truly understand what is relevant about this story of the Horatii and this painting of David in relation to the French Revolution, it is important to make a distinction between the things that are relevant for this research and what is not. The renaissance of the Antiquity sort of means the same as the downfall of the Ancien Regime. Neoclassicism is connected to reality and the values of the Antiquity, wherein the Ancien Regime is connect to the beauty and plentifulness of the rococo style. ThatRead MoreArtistic Revolution : David Delacroix731 Words   |  3 Pages Artistic Revolutionaries: David Delacroix Many attribute the evolution of the French revolution as the catalyst for redirection of the style of artwork from Baroque and Rococo to Neoclassical and Romanticism. Two leading masterpieces that support this aspect are respectively: Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, (c. 1784) and Eugà ¨ne Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, (c. 1830). As commented in Essential Humanities (2016), the French revolution â€Å"in all its heroic glory and grislyRead MoreNeoclassicism and the Enlightenment548 Words   |  2 Pagesartist better epitomizes the neoclassical movement than French revolutionary Jacques-Louis David. 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Artists portrayed Greco-Roman ideals in their works of art to inspire the citizens of their time to be more likeRead MoreThe Philosophy Of The French Revolution1045 Words   |  5 Pagesnature. This ideology is best illustrated in Neoclassical art such as Oath of the Horatii, The Apotheosis of Homer, and the Pantheon in Paris. At the 1785 Paris Salon, visitors were transfixed by one painting: Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David. For over a century, the Paris Salon was the greatest annual art event in Western Europe and in 1785, it was completely dominated by the most recent work of Jacques-Louis David. The painting depicts three brothers saluting swords held up by theirRead More The Influence of Jean Jacques Rousseau Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesOne of them was French artist Jacques-Louis David, who was official artist to the French revolution (p158, Blk 3). Just as Rousseau had used his publications to reflect on his ideas, David had used art as a media to reflect the ideas and values of the society in the eighteenth century. In this essay, we will be examining the influence of Rousseau’s views on the relationship between the state and the individual in David’s painting â€Å"The Oath of the Horatii†. Rousseau’s publication, The Social ContractRead MoreJacques Louis David And His Life During The French Revolution2483 Words   |  10 PagesJacques Louis David: An in-depth comparison of his Roman Empire Masterpieces and his life during the French Revolution Semester Research Paper Fall 2014 Throughout history many works of art have depicted events that have happened in the past through the artists eyes. In these works we can see many styles and types of art that display the artist mood, feelings, reactions and perspective. The early beginnings of Rome and the struggles that occurred are seen in Jacques Louis David early paintings.Read MoreThe Death of Sardanapalus Analysis1188 Words   |  5 Pagesembodies the feeling, emotions, and discord found in   romantic art, but also traces of neoclassicism can be noticed in the piece, but the overall painting is too busy and hectic for the average neoclassicism painting. When compared with The Oath of Horatii, the calmness of the neoclassical painting contrasts greatly with the busy scene of The Death of Sardanapalus. Although later, Delacroix’s work starts to inch towards an earlier variation of impressionism as seen in Liberty Leading the PeopleRead MoreEssay on Jaques Louis David1898 Words   |  8 Pages1. Intr oduction Set on a stage of revolution and Enlightenment, the Neo-Classical period presents a broad and interesting topic. Jacques Louis David was the first political painter, and a true revolutionary, but one cannot disengage his art work from the social and political systems of the period. Therefore, this essay will present an overview of the social context and systems of Pre Revolution France, Neoclassicism and how David’s work was influenced by it and how his work influenced it. AlsoRead MoreRococo Art in Europe and America Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pagesbygone Romans. I think this influenced Jacques-Louis David to paint myths and stories of old. The Oath of the Horatii (26-25) is an excellent example, as well as the Etruscan Room (26-23) by Robert Adams. Because so many new ideas and theories about life were given birth at this time, it was not unusual for people who had no anchoring beliefs to credit just anybodys thoughts. People with influence often took advantage of this. David, who painted a piece entitled The Death of Marat (26-26)

The Fall Of Rome And The Renaissance - 1482 Words

The Dark Ages were the entire period between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance; they were in fact the start of universities and scientific foundations. During medieval times, mainly right after the fall of Rome, society had a fairly hard time; trying to figure out what to do, many peasants started to farm. Society prospered from what they could personally grow and harvest, and whatever animals they could use, both for hard work and for food. All of this went relatively well, until the plague, or Black Death, happened in all of Europe, especially England. Millions of people died and those who survived were badly scarred. However, during the time of the plague, the Catholic religion flourished. Thus creating the second bright spot during the Dark Ages. Priests prayed for the well being of both the sick and the healthy, and many people converted to Catholicism as well. Additionally, during the dark ages, education for peasants was hard to come by since it was reserved for royalty, an d church hierarchy. However, towards the end of the thirteenth century the Church started offering education for children from common homes as well. Plus, many scientific foundations came in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In fact some scientists, such as Aristotle, helped find new discoveries, and medicines for disease. As one can see the dark ages, were not dark, but the start of something bright, that no one during that time would ever forget for years to come. Right after the fallShow MoreRelatedThe Renaissance And The Medieval Period1658 Words   |  7 Pages1. What is new about the Renaissance, compared to the medieval period that we studied in the last unit? The word Renaissance means revival or rebirth. This word comes from the European civilizations that follows behind the Middle Ages. It was held to characterize an interest in classical learning and values. 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Obligations In An Evolving Legal Landscape -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Obligations In An Evolving Legal Landscape? Answer: Introduction This study deals with researching on topic and preparing a report on new auditing standards ASA 701 (Allen and Ramanna 2013). This auditing standard is prepared for getting better understanding of concepts on Communicating Key audit matters in the Independent Auditor Report. The new auditing standard was developed in the wake of global financial crisis. This was developed so that shareholders should have better and full understanding of the companies where they plan to invest in. Even, investors had requested for earlier warnings of potential issues that takes place with respect to an entity skill to maintain as going concern that results in the revision of ASA 570 (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). The current segment research on auditing issues that led to the expansion of new Auditing standard ASA 701 Communicating key audit matters in the Independent Auditor Report. The study briefly explain about the key audit matters that need to be revealed in the audit report to the members of A BC Learning Centres if the new auditing standards ASA 701 has practical in the period that led to collapse of ABC Learning Centres as well as evaluating the usefulness of ASA 701. ABC Learning Centres is one of the Australian companies that were once a principal provider of early childhood education services. This company was listed in Australian Stock Exchange and based in and across Australia (Eilifsen et al. 2013). The company went into voluntarily liquidation in the year 2008 and purchased by Goodstart Limited by the year 2009. ASA 701 Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditors Report The Auditing Standard ASA 701 explains matters relating to Communicating key audit matters in the Independent Auditor Report. In this section, it explain with the compulsion as well as accountability of the auditors to correspond effectively regarding audit matters that are of main significance in the report of auditors (Fontaine, Letaifa and Herda 2013). The Auditing Standards mainly addresses verdict of the auditors in regard to the nature of dealings that should be communicated in the audit report and compiled in the final report as well. The main purpose of communication procedure is to improve in the valuation of report that is prepared by the auditors in order to provide clarity about the performance of audit activities (William, Glover and Prawitt 2016). It is important to communicate the matter to the shareholders as they had invested money in the company and they should be communicated additional information so that they have proper understanding of the important matters in relation to financial report of any company. It is important to communicate important matters to the users so that they can properly engage with the managerial actions as well as charged by Governance in order to build relation with entity and management as a whole (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). It is the accountability of the auditor to issue an opinion on the financial statement of trade enterprise and carry out audit performance where the auditor has the responsibly with the engagement terms of the audit (William, Glover and Prawitt 2016). It is the liability of the auditor to meet the terms of the audit engagements while signing the engagement letter where they agree that they will carry on the mission and compliance with the audit standard. The main mission objectives should be taken into contemplation in order to decide variety of financial reports for assessing the structure of any business enterprise (Koh, Rajgopal, and Srinivasan 2013). Collapse of ABC Learning ABC Learning Centres is one of the companies that were founded in the year 1988 by Eddy Groves and Le Neve Groves (William, Glover and Prawitt 2016). This company was the first private owned childcare centres. In addition, the Australian Government paid subsidy direct to the concerned families. ABC Learning Centres expanded by acquiring properties as well as purchasing out childcare centres (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). Furthermore, ABC Learning Centres was listed in Australian Stock Exchange. The company had 43 centres in and across Australia by the year 2001. The company stared to expand their operations outside Australia by the year 2005. ABC Learning Centres opened centres in US, New Zealand and UK. The company owned 2238 centres by the year 2007. The main reason behind the collapse was ABC Learning Centres could not repay its debt on time. ABC Learning Centres entire UK subsidiary as well as 60% of US subsidiary. The stock price of ABC Learning Centres fell down from $8.62 to $0.54. Finally, ABC Learning Centres got delisted from Australian Stock Exchange and went into receivership (Kumar and Mohan 2016). Successful Government has failed to think of long-term about the stipulation of childcare centre in Australia. The failure of ABC Learning Centres was considered as a policy failure. This failure was not only a business failure but also a government policy collapse of the highest order. Here, the real blame was put on the successive governments child care policies (William, Glover and Prawitt 2016). It is noted that Australian had moved from a society conquered childcare model to a private-dominated model without coming into real debate on matters relating to industry type structure where the Government plays major role. ABC Learning Centres had initially tried the Macquarie Bank for leveraging a reliable income stream for getting fund acquisitions as well as hoping an ever-increasing share price that would fund boundless growth at the same time. ABC Learning Centres does not own much to the land on which the centre was sited. The competitors of ABC Learning Centres were leaving a lo w-profit or unprofitable centres (Louwers et al. 2013). Five year ban slapped on ABC learning auditor rom the news article taken from The Australian, it was mentioned that the corporate regulator had taken its first scalp over the collapse of biggest childcare chain in Australia named as ABC Learning Centres by slapping its auditor with a 5-year work ban. Eddy Groves, Founder of ABC Learning Centres had taken action against the long-time auditor of ABC Learning Centres after Australian Securities and Investments Commission withdrew a criminal charge against the company (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). ABC Learning Centres collapsed into receivership in the year 2008 that owed creditors a sum of $1.6 million as well as forced a fire sake of 1200 childcare centers that cured 1,20,000 children. The auditor of ABC Learning Centres failed to carry out or perform their duties adequately as well as properly. Mr. Green was working as a long-time auditor at ABC Learning Centres and he was banned from practicing as a registered auditor for time span of 5 years. The auditor showed $143 million p rofit in the last financial statement (William, Glover and Prawitt 2016). The auditor should have noticed that ABC Learning Centres had overstated its revenue by incorrectly including centre development fees as income. In addition, there was inadequate appropriate audit proof on the audit file that reveals that the auditor of ABC Learning Centres had applied an adequate level of professional judgment as well as professional skepticism and attained a sensible assurance that the 1997 financial report was free from material misstatement figures as well as meet the terms with all the relevant ASA (Australian Auditing Standards requirements (Messier 2016). here was inadequate evidence that the auditor of ABC Learning Centres had properly documented all the applicable investigations and completed all relevant assessment and analyzes and communicated with the management on matters relating to significant issues as well as took all relevant and necessary enquiries, testing and checking in relation to the risk of fraud. The auditor had not neither identified nor disclosed related parties as well as related-party disclosures (Schmidt 2012). Issues BC Learning Centres had boarded on some of the serious questionable measures at the development phase where the most important factor is the use of asset assessment methods (William, Glover and Prawitt 2016). Mainly, there are two asset assessment methods in accounting. The first is historical cost that is the amount paid for the assets when acquired by the business. The second is the fair value that is the predictable current market value of the possessions. Company can use any of the method where value cannot surpass the receivables amount of the asset (Tarr and Mack 2013) he failure of ABC Learning Centres took place because of over complexity of operations as well as poor decision-making process. It gives rise to ineffective corporate governance as well as questionable accounting practices that were the reason behind ABC Learning Centres failure. The other reason is revelation of related party transactions as well as individuals abusing their power and destructive expansion approach (William, Glover and Prawitt 2016). Consideration regarding going concern ASA 570 is the auditing standard that explains about going concern aspect. It is important for an auditor to take into consideration the suitability as well as aptness of the employment in different propositions of going concern at the time of preparation of course by conducting financial announcements (Ye and Simunic 2013). It is important for an auditor to consider material as well as considerable suspicion that connects to the aptitude of business unit that goes on with the idea of going concern. In condition such as Global Financial emergency, there is need for strong convenience of credit that gets along with the illiquidity throughout restricted of period (William, Glover and Prawitt 2016). There is wide range of potential issues or problems that has the capability to influence the process of continuance or perseverance of the trade entities going concern Communication with the management and other governing units It is the responsibility of the auditor to act more cautiously and aware of the need of communication with the administration who has the charge with Governance (Ye and Simunic 2013). If there was proper and transparent communication between Mr. Green (auditor of ABC Learning Centres) and Founder of ABC Learning Centres, then there would be clear understanding of situation and no malpractices could have been noticed. There was lack of communication present between the management and auditors of ABC Learning Centres that had led to collapse of the company. Weakness identified by auditor at the time of auditing should be highlighted to the management without making strategies to hide it in the audit report. Highlighting the weakness will help any company to get that issue checked and minimized as far as possible (William, Glover and Prawitt 2016). These issues should be properly communicated by the auditor to the management of any organization. The auditors should be responsible to com municate each of the audit matters to the management that can relate to nature of business entities, environment and other factors. To that, the auditor need to evaluate the process that should be strong and effective by identifying the risks and show in the financial reports and other material misstated figures that lead to fraud. The auditor needs to provide professional and fair judgment to the company with proper audit evidence and strategies to reduce it as far as possible (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). Recommendations and Conclusion It is recommended to the auditors for planning and creating strategies and policies that help them at the time of gathering proofs and evidences. The auditor has full responsibility to carry out their audit work with full diligence and help shareholders by providing correct information about the company. The auditor should not engage in malpractices as in case of ABC Learning Centres where the auditor had shown profits for the company but in real it was not the case. The auditor had shown in the financial report that the report is free from material misstatement. As per ASA 701, it is important to communicate key audit matters in the Independent Auditor Report. It is recommended recognizing revenue in proper ways. It is important to focus mainly on the core trade activities even after when an project is going through a enormous expansion stage. It is essential to give central importance regarding financial accounts of the company that shows financial health. It is essential to realiz e the importance or significance of sound corporate governance practices in trade activities. Therefore, financial structure of business as well as business transactions should not be overly complex by nature. From the ethical or legal perspective, the illegal perspective are the accounting irregularities and not ethical activities are when public was given false information about the business. The penalty were non principled behavior as it is not good for the public as they had put trust in the business who was not ready to disclose the information and give rise to lost trust for childcare providers as well as loss on education and care. Therefore, shareholders lost a lot of money at that particular period time. At the end of the study, it is concluded that ABC Learning Centres faced social, political and financial disaster. To that, there was failure of regulatory and accounting process at ABC Learning Centres. There was issue with ethical behavior at ABC Learning Centres. There was lot of issue found at ABC Learning Centres where Chris Honey was given the receivership, Federal Government injected sum of $22 million. The company was purchased by Goodstart by the year 2009 and become one of the non-profit organizations. ABC Learning Centres appeared to be failed in exercising the fundamental level of control over the management. It was needed for the administration to oblige considerably higher responsibility requirements especially on the public sector worker and establishing a sort of price regulations as the private health insurance Reference List Allen, A. and Ramanna, K., 2013. Towards an understanding of the role of standard setters in standard setting.Journal of Accounting and Economics,55(1), pp.66-90. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F., 2013.Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Fontaine, R., Letaifa, S.B. and Herda, D., 2013. An interview study to understand the reasons clients change audit firms and the client's perceived value of the audit service.Current Issues in Auditing,7(1), pp.A1-A14. Koh, K., Rajgopal, S. and Srinivasan, S., 2013. Non-audit services and financial reporting quality: evidence from 1978 to 1980.Review of Accounting Studies,18(1), pp.1-33. Kumar, E.P. and Mohan, B., 2016. Origin And Development of Auditing.PARIPEX-Indian Journal of Research,4(9). Louwers, T.J., Ramsay, R.J., Sinason, D.H., Strawser, J.R. and Thibodeau, J.C., 2013.Auditing and assurance services. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Messier Jr, W., 2016.Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Schmidt, J.J., 2012. Perceived auditor independence and audit litigation: The role of nonaudit services fees.The Accounting Review,87(3), pp.1033-1065. Tarr, J.A. and Mack, J., 2013. Auditor obligations in an evolving legal landscape.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,26(6), pp.1009-1026. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016. Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach. Ye, M. and Simunic, D.A., 2013. The economics of setting auditing standards.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(3), pp.1191-1215. Zadek, S., Evans, R. and Pruzan, P., 2013.Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. Routledge.

German Immigrants free essay sample

A paper which looks at the history of German immigration to the United States. This paper studies the causes of German immigration to the United States. It investigates the treatment of German immigrants from approximately 1810-1860 by other Americans and explores why this immigration was considered particularly successful. Around the year 1700, many Germans were fleeing their homeland to find an easier life in other European countries, the Western Hemisphere, and Australia due to extremely violent conditions. Armies of various nationalities were repeatedly attacking the country. Inhabitants of the southwestern part, especially, were constantly robbed and tortured. Entire villages were often burnt down and their inhabitants killed. In 1709 about 15,000 Germans left for Britain, and 3,000 crossed the Atlantic to New York. In 1745, there were an estimated 45,000 Germans living in Pennsylvania alone. (Adams, p 2)

Beauty of Sound (Citizne Kane) essays

Beauty of Sound (Citizne Kane) essays In 1938, at the mere age of 23, Orson Welles' radio adaptation and performance of H.G. Well's classic science fiction thriller The War of the Worlds established him as a household name and a master of dramatic production. His previous experience, in both directing and acting, in theater had taught him the essentials of narrative story telling and his involvement in radio perfected his ability to use sound as a means of conveying message and emotion. For these reasons, his first ever feature film, Citizen Kane, has a soundtrack that is so expressive and attuned to the story, it would not be difficult to comprehend the entire film without visual sensory whatsoever. Even at a very young age people around the young Orson recognized his genius. His first stage appearance was at the age of 3. While the role probably did not require great acting skill, by the age of 16 he presented himself to the Gate Theatre in Dublin as a professional actor and he made his Broadway debut at 19 as Shakespeare's Tybalt from Romeo and Juliet. In the next few years Welles established himself as a very competent figure in all aspects of stage production and even formed a repertory company with the director/producer John Houseman. The Mercury Players, as they were called, aired a weekly radio program with CBS for two years before Welles performed The War of the Worlds, as I said, the production which firmly established him as a household name and which greatly influenced RKO's decision to offer him an unheard of contract for almost complete production control of six feature films. This experience in radio played a major role in Welles' development of Citizen Kane. Because he had a great deal of knowledge on how to express narration through sound, and almost none on how to do so on film, he used the soundtrack as an integral part of the storytelling device of the movie. Whereas most directors before Welles used sound as an indication for the a...

Hummen Resourse Mangment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hummen Resourse Mangment - Research Paper Example to deliver the right quantity of people with appropriate behaviors, the required competencies and the feasible degree of motivations to the organizations (Becker & Huselid, 2006). The concept is called strategic instead of just human resource management because it makes use of the strategies through which the performance of the business organization can be improved to a greater extent, and thus an environment of innovation and flexibility can be created among the employees in an organization. It tends to connect human resource with strategic objectives of the company so that the performance can be enhanced. The term ‘strategic’ helps in building ‘sustainable competitive advantage’ that helps the company to generate above average financial performance consistently. It is to be remembered that for this to take place it becomes significant for the HR department to be forward-thinking. In addition to this, the HR strategies need to run consistently as one of the main elements of the overall business plan (Becker & Huselid, 2006). Human resource development (HRD) function is considered as one of the vital functions of the human resource management. Each and every organization has the accountability to develop its human resources in order to remain operational and grow further. In the modern times, human resource development function is considered as an ideal and crucial task for any organization. The survival and growth of a company significantly depend upon the human resource development function. The main objective of the human resource development function is to enhance the performance of the organization by improving the performance of the employees working with the company. HRD tends to rest in a context which is dynamic by its nature. It receives tremendous demands from the varied aspects including globalization of the business, involvement of the government and consumers’ expectations, competition, deregulations, and unstable political, social,

The Progressive View and the Challenges of a Flawed Democracy Research Paper

The Progressive View and the Challenges of a Flawed Democracy - Research Paper Example Democracy as an American idealism for better services and transparency has been wanting in other sectors. The political party competition championed the spirit of democracy and the freedom of the people in the early 20th century. In 1912, the presidential contenders campaigned on a platform of respect for people’s right and democracy. They urged voters to consider electing people who agitated for the democratic right. Winston won the presidency because he had a progressive agenda. He won the election fighting for a progressive democracy given the country was undergoing difficulties brought by the Industrial Revolution (Milkis, 2012). The political party during the early 20th century were grappling with the threat of democracy. According to Tocqueville, the local government was the groundwork for democracy (Milkis, 2012). However, the federal government was flawed by the influence of large corporations. The corporations influence the day to day running of government because their candidates run over the government. It is these flaws that political parties viewed as a threat to democracy. They rallied their supporter on the promise of introducing trust laws that checked on their activities. The industrial revolution came with the emergence of prominent businessmen who were opulence and connected to political leaders. This period referred to as the ‘Gilded Age’ left the industrial workers and subsistence farmers vulnerable to exploitation. The businessmen corrupted the methods of government and neglected the plight of workers. This was a threat to democracy and Democrats leaders as well as Republicans were viewed to be irresponsible and pursuing their own interest (Milkis, 2012). Democracy has been practiced since the ancient Greeks.

PR In Travel And Tourism Sector

PR In Travel And Tourism Sector Travel and tourism is consists in selling services, and services are hard to manage. Thats why PR and Promotions are widely used here. In this assignment I will look at real importance of PR and its role for Travel and Tourism industry. I will try to determine criteria for evaluation of PR effectiveness, skills a PR specialist need and types of media available for PR specialists. In last practical part of the assignment I will try to create a PR plan for a luxury hotel and will look at criteria for evaluation of a PR plan. Task 1. Evaluate the importance of PR in Travel and Tourism sector. 1.1 Role of PR as a promotional tool. There are many definitions of PR, such as the process of creating positive image in third partys minds or practice of managing information flow between an organization and the public. All these definitions have a common point: PR is used to shape the favorable image of a product, organization, and individual; to help a business to meet its objectives effectively, efficiently and successfully. The target of PR is Image (positive in most cases, sometimes negative) and the tool used to achieve it is called publicity. Publicity can be positive or negative, and not always can be controlled by the organization. Natural disasters are not controllable by companies managing travel resorts, these disasters however will bring lots of attention of media and damage profits. Scandals and bad rumors about a celebrity person face of a company cannot always be controlled. Some people say that there is no such thing as bad publicity any publicity is good. This statement is arguable, as bad publicity may create bad image of the business. PR is closely related to marketing activities of the organization, the targets and objectives of both departments are interrelated and often very much dependent on results of each other. The objectives of marketing are to introduce product to a customer in the right place at the right time, sell the product on the market. PR helps to achieve these objectives by making public (market) aware of company and its products, creating good image of the company. PR is part of Promotional mix (Advertising, PR, sales promotions and direct selling). PR is closely related to advertising, helps to make people aware of a product/business, getting attention of various public and making sales and profit. Various public includes customers, shareholders, community, general public (potential customers), money lenders However PR and advertisement are different, advertising are controllable, costs more, less credible and PR means less control, lower costs, more credibility. Different uses of PR include press relations, product publicity, corporate communication, sponsorships, influencing specific groups (community). They all work in different way, but all have the aim of building a good reputation, attracting attention, creating good image of a product or a company inside (corporate communication) and outside the company. Important use of PR is defending product reputation through large amount of positive publicity, covering negative image and scandals related to a product/company. 1.2 Importance of PR in travel and tourism. PR is important promotional tool for Travel and Tourism. It has multiple purposes, such as promoting an event or destination, building reputation of a company as green and responsible citizen, detracting attention of public from negative events (accidents, natural disasters). Lets look closer to different uses of PR in Travel and Tourism industry Promotional tool. PR is used alone or with other elements of promotional mix. The aim of promotion is create positive impact on public. An organization may wish to promote new activity, change in objectives, change in management, etc. PR is very important here, as promotion will be going through press releases, press conferences, sponsorships and prizes in competitions, invitation of journalists to try new activities (hotel, attraction, flight) for free. Communicational tool. Internal and external communication is very important areas of business existence and PR is widely used in both of them. Internal communication means communication with companys employees. Is often underestimated, which may result in bad morale and affect quality of products and especially services of the company. Service part is very important for tourism industry, as most of the products here are paired with services. External communication means keeping external parties (customers, shareholders, etc.) informed about changes in business. Is usually done through media releases, conferences with invitation of important guests (where the news are communicated face-to-face). Creating awareness. Awareness means attention and credit from public (customers, investors, money lenders), is important for any business. Awareness may be general, created through advertisement, supporting local charities; orientated to special person/organization as business plan presented to money lenders (bank); a simple note about changes in opening hours in the shop window. Awareness is important part of PR activities as it gets attention from existing and new stakeholders and creates base for building relationship. New hotel or travel resort opening will be served will waste publicity to bring public attention and create awareness. Building credibility. Credibility means successful operation of business. PR is important here as simple advertising will not have the same effect as well done press release (people tend to pay better attention an article than to annoying adverts). Advertising is done and hidden in journalist review of restaurant or attraction, special press release about Eco project. The key of success here is first-hand experience, Tourism industry sells experience mostly. Sky resort will prefer article in national newspaper written as third party experience to simple advert. Crisis management. Managing negative publicity is another important task of PR. Bad things happen and cannot always be controlled. Negative rumors can ruin tourism business, as customer experience and good reputation are vital part of tourism services. Overcoming negative consequences and covering them with positive publicity (press releases, official apologies, consequences management plan) is part of PR. After consequences of tsunami 2011 in Japan were liquidated national tour operators invited travel agents and journalists from around the world to visit Japan, to raise the credit and attention of the public again and bring sales to devastated national tourism. Sponsorship of an event, competition, charity is an effective way of gaining and maintaining good reputation. It has other benefits: is a way to work together with other organizations, establish relationship for mutual benefits, please important stakeholders by presenting them VIP passes to events (such as free VIP Olympic Games passes were presented to travel agencies staff by Games sponsors). Task 2 Evaluate the effectiveness of PR in Travel and Tourism business and skills necessary for effective PR. 2.1 Determine the range of PR and promotional skills. Successful PR activity requires certain skills from people engaged in it. In PR quality of information is more important that its quantity, quality PR is the key to success for a Tourism business. Lets look closer at important for PR person skills: Recognizing good opportunities quickly. Opportunity is a window to success. The crucial point here is to see good, creative, profitable opportunity and maximize it, use it before competitors do it. This skill forms with education and experience; studying, practicing and constantly refining experience is the way to maximize the PR potential. Find information which is really interesting for a presenter (press, media). Not all the information is of value for the media, press is only interested in colorful, well written and hot stories. Recognizing the value of potential story quickly and presenting it to the media in the right way is valuable knowledge for a PR person. The ability to choose the right media and offer information to necessary people is very much also important. Ability to present information well (in internal and external publications). Is basic PR skill, requires ability to write grammatically correct, present information in interesting and creative way (style, layout, language, use graphic components as tables and images). Creativity is an important here. Communicational materials (brochures, newsletters, magazines, reports) are of huge use in any business, helping to research and influence the market (promote, draw attention, build image). Ability to draw attention of right people to organization activity. The Importance of PR events cannot be underestimated. Press conferences, functions, opening parties, exhibitions help to bring attention of important people, to establish relationships, get positive feedback in the media. Presence of important people at an event (such as potential investors or journalists) is crucial here. Ability to build customer relations. This is interpersonal skill and partially formed with experience. However, the base of relationship is natural, personal ability to listen, communicate well and gain empathy of strangers. The ability to find what customers want and need is crucial to building positive customer relations and bringing public attention. 2.2 Effective use of PR in Travel and Tourism. Case study: budget accommodation (youth hostel) in central London As we already know PR is crucial for setting and enhancing image of the company. The use of PR may be positive (new product launch) or negative (crisis management). Lets look closer at the case study. Piccadilly Hostel is large youth hostel in Central London. It has 7 floors, 300 bedrooms (dormitories of 4, 6, 8 and 10 people and private rooms), able to accommodate 700 guests at a time. The hostel is the only business of Piccadilly Hotel Ltd. Marketing function here starts with 4P marketing mix (product, price, promotion and place). Product is quality accommodation in central London, closed to underground station and main tourist attractions. The hostel sets budget price, orientated on youth travellers and people who is simply travelling on a budget, people from all around the world. Promotions hostel is reaching its customers via online advertisement, direct e-mails, social media (Facebook, Twitter), working with international travel agencies and posting on comparison websites such as Trip Advisor. Place the hostel sells most of its beds online, directly on the website or through travel agents. Promotional approaches used are: Sales promotions, direct marketing .The hostel sets price offers in off-peak periods, e-mails vouchers and money off coupons to its former customers, sets price offers for big groups of people and customers who stays for long time. Educational visits. Hostel works closely with various travel agencies and investors groups. The representatives are often invited for short educational tour (observe the hotel facilities) and to try the hotel facilities (stay in the hotel). Advertisement and articles online and in social media. The hostel regularly advertises online, places articles on international travel websites around the world (TripAdvisor, Expedia). Hostel has official accounts on Facebook and Twitter, using them to communicate to fellow customers and post latest price offers and news. Street advertising. Piccadilly Hostel places advertisement on a huge electronic billboard next to closest underground station, where it can be seen by many tourists every day. By combining different means of PR and advertising Piccadilly Hostel gets attention of public around the world and acts as successful business with huge customer base, represents interest for potential partners and investors. Task 3 Understand the use of media in PR applied to Travel and Tourism. 3.1 Types of media used by PR. The term Media relates to print, broadcasting media, electronic and on-line media (relatively new and becoming increasingly popular), face-to-face contact. Printed media. Newspapers, magazines, journals and directories and catalogues always played huge role in advertising and PR activities of Tourism industry. Press releases covering new hotel or attraction, brochures about a companys services (hotel, flight, and travel agency), articles in newspapers and magazines, printed directories for travellers with contact information of attractions and venues have always been of large use in Tourism. Printed press can cover large amount of customers at a time at relatively low cost, it can be addressed to a specific group of customers (business magazines, free newspapers read by large group of potential travellers, etc.). Is mobile, gives opportunity to calculate readers response by special coupons, has additional credibility factor (advertisement in form of news or review article). Press presents experience in interesting, colorful way. Is important for Travel and Tourism industry which relies on selling mostly experience. Broadcasting is often referred to radio and television, although cinema, theatre and relatively new electronic and social media form part of broadcasting media. Each media has own advantages and disadvantages, thats why broadcasting media often used in complex. a) Television has always been widely used in PR for promoting products and services (especially by FMCG companies). It can cover large amount of customers in real time, can be zoned (divided by regions, different PR can be used in different areas), is interactive (provides opportunity for real time responses and sales), is popular, can be viewed at customers home in comfort. b) Radio is owned and listened by large amount of people, is very mobile (doesnt require a special set, can be listened on the go via mobile phone), real time and up to date, broadcasts 24/7. Although radio has disadvantages no picture can be transmitted, which is not good for advertisement of a travel destination. c) Cinema and theatre are important media for Travel advertisement, as customers can be shown a colorful advertisement (restaurant, tourist destination). People cannot skip a cinema ad, and tend to be loyal and less annoyed by advertising as they came to the cinema/theatre to enjoy. Electronic media appeared not long ago, but getting increasingly popular, especially in youth auditory; with advantages as low cost, popularity, coverage of different audiences, real time operation. Websites, social media, direct e-mails provide good mean of communication, PR, sales. Sales and reviews of new product (new flight, attraction) can be done through own website for free or through partners website for a fee (travel agency). Online accounts on social media (Facebook) give opportunity for live updates and real time customer communication at low cost. Review websites as Trip Advisor provide free, real time and credible reviews of tourism business. The popularity of electronic media is rising with growing use of computers and Internet, low cost mobile Broadband and free Wi-Fi hotspots. However, the disadvantage here may be the need of special equipment (computer, tablet, smartphone) and special skills to use it. Sponsorship is a mean of attracting attention to companys services, creating favorable image in the community (customers), widely used in Tourism business. Travel channels, competition sponsorships, celebrities using services of a company, tourist services featured in movies (resort, flight) are good means of PR. Often public doesnt notice the PR part in it, such as movie featuring a resort or celebrity choice of flight/hotel. Sponsorships however are expensive (although very effective) means of PR. 3.2 Uses of PR in Travel and tourism business. Different types of media have different advantages and disadvantages. The choice of appropriate medium means careful work and depends on nature of event or product promoted. The PR person can choose from editorials (printed media), press conferences, product presentation events, educational visits. Editorials are presented in form of news article, although have indirect function of advertising. Paid as advertisement by a company but controlled by editorial media staff. Editorials are liked by Tourism businesses because of credibility factor and presentation in form of first hand (journalists) experience. Editorial doesnt look like advertisement (getting more attention of public) but acts in advertising way (attracting attention, creating good image). Examples are promotional articles about hotels, flights, resorts in newspapers and magazines. Press conferences are used to make a special announcement, demonstrate new product. They are attended by journalists from different media (press, broadcasting, electronic) and used for spreading message across different media simultaneously, in real time. Press conferences have benefits of being personalized, real time events (opportunity of asking questions, establish important contacts). The disadvantage here is the possibility of difficult questions (which need to be answered) and not knowing how many guests will exactly turn up. Press conference is ideal mean of crisis management (such as accidents and natural disasters handling which unfortunately are common for Tourism industry). Product launch is a big and less formal occasion, usually is opening party. Is aimed to bring attention and get reaction in media. It can be a cocktail reception, dinner, seminar, with invitation of journalists, celebrities, partners, potential investors, senior members of community. The presence of TV at the event is welcomed as live translation is good for the host company. New resort openings, new jet demonstrations, festive parties organized by large companies (with invitation of journalists and celebrities) are common for Travel and Tourism. Educational visits are popular in Tourism business. Visits involve inviting journalists; travel agencies/partners staff to experience the product (new hotel, resort) in first hand. They are aimed to bring popularity, increase sales, show product to partners (sellers). Its often followed by advertisement-article describing (usually in good way) the experience. These visits are also used as educational aim for travel agency staff (helps to know better he product they sell). Sales promotion is separate part of promotional mix, however, very closely related to PR and often used as PR tool. Is short-term price incentive to boost sales, making money is main target here. Usually used in off-peak periods, can be used all around the year. Vouchers, discounts, money off coupons, loyalty cards are part of sales promotions. Most air carriers have loyalty programs, giving discounts and presents for frequent customers. Task 4 Create PR plan in Travel and Tourism context. 4.1 Create and explain PR plan using Jeffkins model. Francis Jeffkins created 6 points PR planning model, arguing that planning can be done in 6 simple steps. Effective PR doesnt happen by accident, it needs to be carefully planned. As any plan, PR plan has objectives, strategies and actions. The objectives may change with time, PR planning is constant process and reflects any change in circumstances and always uses any free or low cost opportunity for publicity. Most popular and widely accepted model is Jeffkins model consists in: Situation Analysis (Research) analyzes current situation as SWOT, mission and values of organization, external factors as pressure groups activity and competition. PR plan should fit in overall marketing planning and never go against goals and mission of the company. PR plan research however needs additional research of target audience and its preferences, effective media, etc. Establishing the Marketing Objectives part includes defining objectives (goals), strategies and tactics. Most popular objectives of PR plan are creating awareness (new product, new management, new charity program); build credibility (make people believe that the publicity is coming from third party and not a planned and paid effort of the company self); increase sales; build good image; defend declining image and lower promotional costs. Objectives are never static, they change together with circumstances. Defining the Target Audience (Publics) is defining relevant audience and researching issues important for given audience. Building right message for the right public is crucial for success of PR plan. Important thing here is creating messages that dont deny each other (for different groups interests) and carefully check that a message is not offensive for other, not target, audiences. Media Selection. The media will bring the message to the target audience, choosing the right media means choosing best way to achieve the audience. Media available for PR specialists include printed press, TV and radio broadcasting, conferences and events (charity events, sponsorships, opening parties, press conferences), Internet (quite new but already very powerful mean of communication and PR). Establishing a Budget. PR, as any other activity of organization should be cost effective and budget planning helps to find optimal cost-result way for PR. Some PR activities come for free (as word of mouth) but most are paid and sometimes quite expensive. The costs include salaries of PR staff, agents and media fees, costs of setting up events and sponsorships, etc. There are hidden costs that need to be counted for, as costs of free promotional items (food samples, hotel rooms) and revenue lost because these items were not sold (opportunity cost). Implementation and Control. Implementation is about making PR plan work. Not all press releases or online articles will be published, grand openings and sponsorships need to be reflected about in media to get attention and make PR plan work. Making PR events interesting for media and establishing good relationship with media owners is crucial point of PR plan implementation. Control is an important point as it shows how effective PR plan was (by comparing forecasted results of PR activity with actual ones). The control points may be presented by sales, brand loyalty, market position, attention from the public, etc. Practical task: PR plan for Opening of new branch of luxury hotel. Hilton is international hotel chain providing luxury services for travellers. It plans to open new hotel in London, UK. PR specialists created plan to undermine the opening. Situation analysis. London is huge city with developed network of accommodation for any pocket, including luxury services, the competition is great here. There are still areas in Central London with great potential where no luxury accommodation exists. Hilton is brand recognized worldwide with brilliant reputation. Corporation plans to build luxury accommodation and bring new life to the Central London area, with casino and bars, luxury shopping center, 5 star dining and strictly guarded hotel access to protect privacy of the guests. Target audience includes celebrities, members of worldwide governments, wealthy businessmen, famous music and movie stars. PR campaign will consist of: Press conference before even starting the building works to draw attention of journalists worldwide. Articles about Hilton Corporation featuring plans for new hotel in London in press around the world, TV broadcasting during music shows and concerts to draw attention of general public and make people talk about new hotel. Constant updates in worldwide press and TV about how building, decorating, furnishing works are going to keep the public interested, TV program featuring new hotel when is ready to open. Inviting worldwide famous chefs, barmen to work for new hotel venues, featuring this on the TV worldwide. Grand opening party with concert of the worldwide famous stars; journalists from around the world and other important guests, welcoming of the stars, journalists and guests to stay for free after party. The media used are press, TV for their worldwide coverage and ability to reach target audience: celebrities and stars mostly. Internet will be used as secondary media, featuring new hotel in blogs and celebrity websites (is cheaper that TV) The budget of this PR plan is huge, constant TV broadcasting; final opening party, famous chefs to work at Hilton and free night for the guests will cost fortune. The Hilton Corporation will make sure it has the money to cover building works and PR campaign. 4.2 Identify and explain ways to determine the effectiveness of PR plan. PR is part of Promotional mix and comes in scope with other elements. Thats why checking the effectiveness of PR only as promotional tool may be difficult. The possible ways to see how effective PR is are: Exposures in the media is attention from the public brought by PR. Ways to measure it are online and press comments, search engine ranks, positive discussions in the media, raise in public awareness. PR agencies supply clients with clipping books showing all exposure achieved in a time period (for example last month) in all the media (TV, radio, press, online). However, exposure may be hard to count (is impossible to know exactly how many people seen the TV ad) and quantity of exposure solely doesnt show PR effectiveness (not all the exposure may come from target audience). For example, aircraft presentation will bring exposure from the public in form of online comments and discussions, video viewings online, TV and radio discussions not paid by the company owing the aircraft. All this exposure will be carefully checked and measured to see how effective the presentation was. Awareness from the public is another way to measure PR effectiveness, is change in public attention due to PR event. Is measured in research, checking how well people witnessed PR event (presentation, opening, news) can recall this event. Awareness is effective way to check stand-alone PR activity. However is not so efficient when PR event went together with other promotions (sales promotion, advertising). If hotel opening event was supported by advertising is hard to tell which of these two brought more attention. Attitude change is one of the key objectives of PR campaign and a way to measure its success. Any PR activity will result in attitude change which is monitored in researches. On-line panels, phone or personal interviews will show the shift in public attitude before and after PR event. Promotional campaign showing benefits of ecotourism by travel agency will raise the demand and positive attitude of public to ecotourism. Surveying the people after the campaign will show how effective it was. However, attitude shift may not only be the result of this given PR campaign (but other related news and articles, not related to given campaign). Popularity of ecotourism may be partially the result of government campaign or activity of green groups. Media relations as way to measure success of PR plan are about level of cooperation with different media. Successful PR campaign will raise the attention of journalists and make them want to be part of the campaign now and in future. Thats why journalists, important people from the media and various celebrities are often invited grand hotel openings, new aircraft presentations, new tourist destination launches. The more famous guests are present, the better will be attention in the media. Contribution to profits is most effective way to measure PR plan success. Raising sales and profits are best news for company directors. PR plan is part of overall company activity though and raising sales may not be the result of PR campaign only, is hard to determine exactly which percentage of sales was contributed by PR activity. Any PR plan has own objectives, determining how effectively and efficiently these objectives achieved is the way to see effectiveness of a PR plan. PR plan, however forms part of overall business activity and promotional mix, is hard to measure effectiveness PR plan individually. Conclusion Importance of PR is hard to underestimate, it helps tourism businesses grow and expand, make profit in quickly changing circumstances. It is relatively new, but growing more popular area of science, with demand for good PR specialists. PR is about creating and managing the image of companies, products and whole industries and Travel industry is not an exception.

Brighton Beach Memoirs Family’s Struggle :: Brighton Beach Memoirs Essays

Brighton Beach Memoirs  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Family’s Struggle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brighton Beach Memoirs is the story of one family's struggle to survive in the pre-World War II age of the "Great Depression". This was a time of great hardship where pain and suffering were eminent. In this play, Neil Simon gives us a painfully realistic view of life during the late 1930s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The setting takes place in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, New York, in the fall of 1937. It is a lower-income area inhabited by mostly Jews, Irish, and Germans. The house is described as a wooden-framed, 2 floor, establishment near the beach.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main character and narrator is Eugene Jerome. Eugene is a 15-year-old boy who is in the midst of going through puberty. Like Rusty-James in Rumble Fish, Eugene looks up to his older brother Stanley. His hobbies and hopes include playing baseball in hopes of becoming a New York Yankee, writing, and to see the "Golden Palace of the Himalayas", which in other words is seeing a naked woman. Eugene always feels as if he is being blamed for everything that goes wrong. He finds liberation from a household of seven by writing in his diary, which he calls his memoirs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stanley is Eugene's 18-year-old, older brother. Stanley can be described as a person who stands up for his principles. Eugene is constantly looking to him for advice with his pubescent "problems". Stanley had to work young to support the family. We later see him losing his paycheck from gambling and almost joining the army.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate and Jack Jerome are Eugene's parents. They are constantly looking to Eugene for things to be done. They have it very hard supporting their own family and her sister Blanche's family. Jack had to take up many jobs to support everybody, which resulted in a heart attack. We later see Jacks relatives escaping from the Nazi occupation in Poland to come and live with him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blanche is Eugene's aunt and Kate's sister. When Blanche's husband David died, she found she could not support her family. Kate and Jack agreed to take her and her two daughters, Nora and Laurie, in and support them. We see that Blanche has many problems of being independent. Her daughters, Nora and Laurie, have their own share of problems.

Critical Review

Frances Hill’s book is not in a horror genre as what the first impression could be with regards to the title itself.   It is merely a collection of facts and stories untold, and an extension of a historical argument that is more terrifying than fictional horror stories.   Is the book A Delusion of Satan: The Full Story of the Salem Witch Trial still timely to discuss or not?Witchcraft, sorcery and witch hunting; judicial perspective, extreme religious practices of good versus evil and social responsibility reflects on Frances Hill’s search for truth and justice by means of writing.   Being a professor in the school of law, she astutely provides the fascination to take charge the unending trials by publicity of the people generation to generation with the same subject Salem Witch Trial which created a deep impact on the history.The said mass hysteria in 1692 is one of the darkest parts in the history of America.   Although there are some who still patronizes such act of witchcraft, the tendency to repeat the mass hysteria is now impossible to happen.   We are now more scientific and democratic in all our moves while we are unfolding the history.Thus, as long as we believe in scientific bases and act intelligently, the delusion of Satan in the witchcraft trial like what the Salem people in 1692 has experienced will never happen again.It was clearly described in the book how the people during those days are immoral in their own ways, has poor understanding and explicitly drastic.   They tend to believe in superstitions and voodoo activities irregardless of their social status.   It was as if these people are all uncivilized, uneducated and not God-fearing people in the author’s study which stated as follows.The Salem witch trial began and found suspects guilty as the judges allowed the supposed victims   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to testify about being attacked by the suspects in their spectral or ghostly formsâ€⠀Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that is, forms    that no one other than the victims could see.[1]   The trial resulted to sufferings of more than a hundred residents of Salem.They are tortured, beaten and starved in prisons.   Nineteen people   Ã‚  Ã‚   were hung and executed, and one pressed with heavy stones to death because of denying to the said accusations of witchcraft.   Others were made to stand without rest during interminable   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   sessions of questioning.[2]Before the book ended, the author Frances Hill gave significant propositions why the girls of Salem Village behaved that way and why the judges and the people involved did not see their actions as fake, feigned and delirium.ConclusionTo conclude this critical review of the book, I would like to stress out my own statements and conclusions being an educated and knowledgeable individual.   Firstly, I certainly do not agree to the evil and grotesque way of the Salem Witch Trial.   I believe in due process, fair trial and fair justice which modern people like us practice in our day to day living.   Secondly, I agree with the author’s battle against these evil activities by pinpointing facts from the history.However, I believe that this topic of trial for suspected witches are no longer timely and helpful in accordance to our more mature and technologically advanced culture.   Authorities, judges and justices themselves do not rely now on supernatural things.They evaluate the case based on scientific evidence, and sentence the accused in a more humanitarian way.   Hence, the author’s topic and the book itself are just merely opinions and story-telling combined with a touch of intelligently driven research.R E F E R E N C E SHill, Frances. â€Å"Chapter One Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth†. A Delusion of Satan: The Full Story of the Salem Witch Trial. p.1. Copyright 1997 Published by Da Capo Press Cambridge, MA Uniqueness of the Salem Witchcraft Tria ls.   Mar. 29, 2007. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701701818_2/Salem_Witch_Trials.html#s8.[1] Uniqueness of the Salem Witchcraft Trials.   http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701701818_2/Salem_Witch_Trials.html#s8 2 Hill, Frances. Chapter One Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth. A Delusion of Satan: The Full Story of the Salem Witch Trial. p.1 Copyright 1997 Published by Da Capo Press Cambridge, MA